مجلة الأكاديمة للبحوث في العلوم الإجتماعية
Volume 5, Numéro 1, Pages 91-116
2023-07-01

الحرب الباردة 1945 – 1990، عندما انقسم العالمبين قطبين

الكاتب : البدوي حبيب . طباجة علي .

الملخص

ملخص: تاريخ الحرب الباردة هو ببساطة تاريخ العالم بأسره منذ انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية الى مطلع التسعينات من القرن العشرين، فكل دول كوكبنا باستثناء الدول المحايدة القليلة العدد مثل سويسرا والسويد، كانت في أحد جانيي الصراع الذي دار بين معسكرين، أحدهما يتبنى الفكر الرأسمالي الحر، والآخر يتبنّى الفكر الماركسي أو الشيوعي، حتى الدول التي شكّلت في الخمسينات ما عرف بحركة عدم الانحياز لم تستطع تجنّب هذا الصراع. كانت المصالح الاقتصادية والسياسية لكلا القوتين فوق كل الأيديولوجيات وداست قوى الجبارين على الكثير من المبادئ التي نادت بها مثل الديموقراطية وحق تقرير المصير والمساواة بين الشعوب، وإلغاء التمييز العنصري، دمّرت أسلحتها مجتمعات آمنة كانت تحلم بغدٍ أفضل وذنب هذه المجتمعات الوحيد أنها صدّقت بهذه المبادئ والشعارات وعملت على تحقيقها. الإشكالية الرئيسية في هذه الدراسة هي الأسباب والمراحل التي أدت الى انتهاء هذه الحرب، والفرضية هي تحليل الأسباب الرئيسية التي حسمت هذه الحرب لصالح الولايات المتحدة، وقسّمتُ دراستي هذه بالإضافة الى المقدمة الى ثلاثة فصول، يتناول الفصل الأول الخلاف العقائدي بين القطبين، ويسهب الفصل الثاني بشرح المراحل الأساسية الأربعة في هذه الحرب والتي عنونتها بحسب فترات حكم القادة في البلدين لأنه كان لشخصية كل منهم تأثير كبير على مسار الصراع، مفرداً فقرتين لأزمة الصواريخ في كوبا والحرب الفيتنامية لأهميتهما، وفقرة ثالثة عن التأثير السلبي لهذه الحرب على الأنظمة الوطنية وحركات التحرر في العالم، وخصّصت الفصل الثالث لمحاولة تحليل واستخلاص الأسباب الجوهرية لانهيار المعسكر الاشتراكي وبالخصوص الإتحاد السوفياتي وحلفائه، وفقرة أخرى عن تأثيرات الحرب الباردة داخل الولايات المتحدة، منهياً بالخلاصة والتي خصصتها للنظر في أسباب فشل النظرية الماركسية فكراً وتطبيقاً وممارسة. لقد اتبعت هذه الدراسة المنهج التاريخي، كما كان للمنهج الاقتصادي حصة وازنة فيها. كلمات مفتاحية: الحرب الباردة، التكتلات الدولية، النظام العالمي، الحروب الإقليمية Abstract The history of the Cold War is simply the history of the entire world, from the end of World War II to the early nineties of the twentieth century. In all countries, except for a few neutral ones like Switzerland and Sweden, the conflict was between two camps. This was based on free market capitalism, and the other on Marxist or communist ideas. Even the countries that formed in the 1950s what was known as the Non-Aligned Movement could not avoid this struggle. The Second World War accelerated the end of the colonial era, and dozens of independent countries emerged. The Soviet Union, which had become the center of world communism and sought to achieve the dictatorship of the proletariat in the world, and the United States, which believed in its democratic system as the most ideal system that should be generalized in the world, raced to attract it. The Soviet Union was a new empire that was no less dangerous than the Nazi, fascist, and dictatorial countries. In World War II, these countries played a major role in eradicating it, even to the point of using nuclear weapons. The European Union was divided into two blocs: eastern, containing Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, and communist regimes orbiting the Soviet Union within one military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, and western, containing most western European countries, the most significant of which are France, Britain, West Germany, Italy, and Spain, with a capitalist system allied with the United States in NATO, with a tendency to differentiate. As for the third world, which is divided between the two blocs, wars and conflicts took place by proxy at times and directly with one of the two poles at other times, as happened in Vietnam and Afghanistan, and regimes and governments were overthrown in it that sometimes had no fault other than that they followed one of the communist or capitalist systems, and even some of them did not work. There were obvious elements of both poles like the Mosaddegh government in Iran, or he was elected through free elections, like Chilean President Allende. About twenty million people died in wars related to the Cold War. Their wealth was plundered, and ethnic and religious fanaticism was exhibited, resulting in ethnic conflicts that erupted after the end of the Cold War. As a result of the Cold War, the Soviet Union was fragmented into sixteen countries, Yugoslavia into seven countries, and New York in 2001 and Moscow in 2002. The economic and political interests of both powers were above all ideologies, and the mighty forces trampled on many of the principles they advocated, such as democracy, the right to self-determination, equality between peoples, and the abolition of racial discrimination. The purpose of this study is to uncover the main reasons and triggers that led to the end of this war. The hypothesis is an analysis of the main reasons that determined that this war was won by the United States. The stages in this war, which I titled according to the periods of the rule of the leaders in the two countries. This is because, in my opinion, the personality of each of them had a substantial influence on the course of the conflict. Due to their importance, I singled out two paragraphs for the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War. I also added a third paragraph about the negative impact of this war on national regimes and liberation movements around the world. The third chapter was devoted to an attempt to analyze and extract the fundamental reasons for the collapse of the socialist camp, especially the Soviet Union and its allies. In addition, it contained another paragraph on the effects of the Cold War on the United States. The conclusion examined the reasons for the failure of Marxist theory in thought, practice, and practice. As part of this study, the historical approach was combined with the economic approach in a significant way. Keywords: Cold War, international blocs, world order, regional wars.

الكلمات المفتاحية

الحرب الباردة ; التكتلات الدولية ; النظام العالمي ; الحروب الإقليمية