مجلة القانون والعلوم البينية
Volume 2, Numéro 3, Pages 15-127
2023-12-13
اَلتَّقَادُم اَلْمَسْقَطِ فِي ضَوْءِ نُصُوصٌ اَلْقَانُونِ اَلْمَدَنِيِّ اَلْمِصْرِيِّ وَنِظَامِ اَلْمُعَامَلَاتِ اَلْمَدَنِيَّةِ اَلسُّعُودِيِّ اَلصَّادِرِ بِالْمَرْسُومِ اَلْمَلَكِيِّ رَقْمٍ ( م / 191 ) وَتَارِيخُ 29 / 11 / 1444 ه
الكاتب : سُلَيْمَانْ أَحْمَدْ عَبْدِ اَلْحَمِيدْ أَمِينُ .
الملخص
تَحْرِصُ اَلْأَنْظِمَةُ اَلْقَانُونِيَّةُ عَلَى تَنْظِيمِ عَلَاقَاتِ اَلْأَفْرَادِ بِطَرِيقَةٍ مُتَوَازِنَةٍ تُؤَدِّي إِلَى اِسْتِقْرَارِ اَلتَّعَامُلِ ، وَتَضَعَ حَدًّا لِمُنَازَعَاتِ اَلْأَفْرَادِ اَلَّتِي يَطُولُ أَمَدُهَا ، فَإِذَا سَكَتَ اَلدَّائِنُ عَنْ اَلْمُطَالَبَةِ بِحَقِّهِ فَتْرَةً طَوِيلَةً ، تَكُون هُنَاكَ اِحْتِمَالَاتٌ ، مِنْهَا : أَنَّ اَلدَّائِنَ قَدْ اِسْتَوْفَى حَقُّهُ ، أَوْ تَنَازُلِ عَنْهُ ، أَوْ فَقَدَ وَسِيلَةَ إِثْبَاتِهِ أَوْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ ، وَفِي هَذِهِ اَلْحَالَاتِ يَكُونُ اَلسُّكُوتُ عَنْ اَلْمُطَالَبَةِ بِالْحَقِّ قَرِينَةً قَاطِعَةً عَلَى أَنَّ اَلدَّائِنَ قَدْ اِسْتَوْفَى حَقُّهُ ، حَتَّى لَا يَظَلُّ اَلْمَدِينُ أَسِيرًا لِرَغْبَةِ اَلدَّائِنِ أَبَدَ اَلدَّهْرِ ، يُطَالِبُهُ هُوَ أَوْ وَرَثَتِهِ بِالْحَقِّ بَعْدَ مُرُورِ عِدَّةِ أَجْيَالٍ ، لِذَلِكَ خُوِّلَتْ اَلْأَنْظِمَةُ اَلْقَانُونِيَّةُ لِلْمَدِينِ – أَوْ وَرِثَتْهُ - اَلتَّمَسُّكُ بِسُقُوطِ اَلِالْتِزَامِ ، إِذَا مَا أَثْبَتَ اِنْقِضَاءَ مُدَّةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ دُونَ أَنْ يُطَالِبَ بِهِ اَلدَّائِنُ ، رَغْمَ أَنَّ اَلْوَفَاءَ بِهِ لَمْ يَكُنْ قَدْ تَحَقَّقَ بِالْفِعْلِ وَقَدْ وَصَلَتْ مِنْ خِلَالِ هَذَا اَلْبَحْثِ إِلَى عَدَدًا مِنْ نَتَائِجَ أَهَمُّهَا : أَنَّ اَلشَّرِيعَةَ اَلْإِسْلَامِيَّةَ تُقِرُّ تَدَخُّلَ اَلدَّوْلَةِ فِي تَنْظِيمِ اَلْحَيَاةِ فِي جَمِيعِ نَوَاحِيهَا بِمَا فِيهَا اَلنَّوَاحِي اَلْمَالِيَّةُ اَلْمُتَعَلِّقَةُ بِالْمُعَامَلَاتِ ، وَذَلِكَ مِنْ خِلَالِ تَنْظِيمِهَا لِلْعَلَاقَةِ بَيْنَ اَلْمُتَدَاينِينْ عَلَى اِعْتِبَارٍ أَنَّ هَذَا أَمْرٌ ضَرُورِيٌّ يَكُونُ مِنْ شَأْنِهِ تَحْقِيقَ صَالِحِ اَلْجَمَاعَةِ ، أَنَّ اَلْقَانُونَ اَلْمَدَنِيَّ اَلْمِصْرِيَّ حَذَا حَذْوُ اَلْقَوَانِينِ اَللَّاتِينِيَّةِ كَالْقَانُونِ اَلْمَدَنِيِّ اَلْفَرَنْسِيِّ اَلَّتِي أَخَذَتْ بِنِظَامِ اَلتَّقَادُمِ اَلْمَسْقَطِ اَلَّذِي كَانَ مَعْمُولاً بِهِ فِي اَلْقَانُونِ اَلرُّومَانِيِّ ، عَلَى عَكْسِ اَلشَّرِيعَةِ اَلْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ اَلَّتِي عَرَفَتْ نِظَامًا آخَرَ وَهُوَ عَدَمُ سَمَاعِ اَلدَّعْوَى لِمُضِيِّ اَلزَّمَنِ وَهُوَ مذْهَبُ نِظَامِ اَلْمُعَامَلَاتِ اَلْمَدَنِيَّةِ اَلسُّعُودِيِّ اَلْجَدِيدِ ، أَنَّ أَسَاسَ اَلتَّقَادُمِ اَلْمَسْقَطِ لَا يَقُومُ عَلَى قَرِينَةِ اَلْوَفَاءِ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا يَقُومُ عَلَى وُجُوبِ اِحْتِرَامِ اَلْأَوْضَاعِ اَلْمُسْتَقِرَّةِ اَلَّتِي مَضَى عَلَيْهَا مِنْ اَلزَّمَنِ مَا يَكْفِي لِلِاطْمِئْنَانِ لَهَا ، عَكْسُ اَلشَّرِيعَةِ اَلْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ اَلَّتِي تَحْرِصُ عَلَى سَدِّ بَابِ اَلْغِشِّ وَالتَّزْوِيرِ وَمُحَاوَلَةِ وَضْعِ حَدٍّ لِلْأَطْمَاعِ اَلْفَاسِدَةِ اِتَّفَقَ فُقَهَاءُ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى أَنَّ اَلْحُقُوقَ لَا تَسْقُطُ بِالتَّقَادُمِ دِيَانَةً مَهْمَا طَالَ اَلزَّمَانُ ، وَإِذَا حَكَمَ اَلْحَاكِمُ لِطَالِبِ حَقٍّ بِشَهَادَةِ شَاهِدَيْنِ ، فَإِنْ كَانَا صَادِقِينَ كَانَ حُكْمُهُ صَحِيحًا فِي اَلظَّاهِرِ وَالْبَاطِنِ ، وَإِنْ كَانَا كَاذِبِينَ كَانَ حُكْمُهُ نَافِذًا فِي اَلظَّاهِرِ ، وَبَاطِلاً فِي اَلْبَاطِنِ ، وَلَمْ يَحُلْ لِلْمَحْكُومِ لَهُ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ اَللَّهِ تَعَالَى أَنْ يَسْتَبِيحَ مَا حَكَمَ بِهِ ، أَنَّ سُكُوتَ صَاحِبِ اَلْحَقِّ عَنْ حَقِّهِ لِمُدَّةٍ طَوِيلَةٍ مِنْ اَلزَّمَنِ مَعَ مَقْدِرَتِهِ عَلَى اَلْمُطَالَبَةِ بِهِ وَعَدَمَ وُجُودِ مَانِعٍ شَرْعِيٍّ ؛ ثُمَّ جَاءَ بَعْدَ طُولِ هَذِهِ اَلْمُدَّةِ يَدَّعِيهَا لِنَفْسِهِ ، وَيَزْعُمَ أَنَّهَا لَهُ ، وَيُرِيدَ أَنْ يُقِيمَ بِذَلِكَ بَيِّنٌ ، فَدَعْوَاهُ غَيْرُ مَسْمُوعَةٍ أَصْلاً ، فَضْلاً عَنْ بَيِّنَتِهِ وَتَبْقَى اَلدَّارُ بِيَدِ حَائِزِهَا ، اَلْقَاعِدَةُ اَلْعَامَّةُ هِيَ أَنَّ جَمِيعَ اَلدَّعَاوَى تَسْقُطُ بِالتَّقَادُمِ اَلطَّوِيلِ إِلَّا فِي حَالَةِ وُجُودِ نَصٍّ خَاصٍّ أَوْ اَلِاسْتِثْنَاءَاتِ اَلْوَارِدَةِ عَنْ نَصِّ اَلْمَادَّةِ اَلسَّالِفَةِ اَلذِّكْرَ ، وَإِذَا كَانَتْ هُنَاكَ حُقُوقٌ تَتَقَادَمُ بِمُدَّةٍ خَاصَّةٍ وَجَبَ تَفْسِيرُهَا تَفْسِيرًا ضَيِّقًا ، أَمَّا فِي اَلْفِقْهِ اَلْإِسْلَامِيِّ فَالْأَمْرِ يَخْتَلِفُ إِذْ قَدْ تَصِلُ اَلْمُدَّةُ إِلَى ثَلَاثِ وَثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً فِي بَعْضِ اَلدَّعَاوَى كَدَعْوَى اَلْإِرْثِ . أَنَّهُ فِي جَمِيعِ اَلْأَحْوَالِ يَتَرَتَّبُ عَلَى اِنْقِضَاءِ اَلِالْتِزَامِ بِالتَّقَادُمِ نُشُوءَ اِلْتِزَامٍ طَبِيعِيٍّ فِي ذِمَّةِ اَلْمَدِينِ ، مَحَلُّهُ هُوَ نَفْسُ مَحَلِّ اَلِالْتِزَامِ اَلْمُنْقَضِي ، فَإِذَا قَامَ اَلْمَدِينُ بِالْوَفَاءِ بِهَذَا اَلْمَحَلِّ ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَكُونُ مُتَبَرِّعًا ، بَلْ مُوفِيًا بِالْتِزَامٍ عَلَيْهِ ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يَسْتَرِدَّ مَا وَفَاةُ مَا دَامَ عَالِمًا وَقْتَ اَلْوَفَاءِ بِأَنَّهُ غَيْرُ مُجْبَرٍ عَلَيْهِ . Legal systems are keen to organize the relationships of individuals in a balanced manner that leads to stable dealings and puts an end to long-term individual disputes. If the creditor remains silent about claiming his right for a long period, there are possibilities, including: that the creditor has fulfilled his right, waived it, or lost his means. Proof of it or otherwise. In these cases, silence about claiming the right is conclusive evidence that the creditor has fulfilled his right, so that the debtor does not remain captive to the creditor’s desire forever, with him or his heirs demanding the right after several generations have passed. Therefore, the legal systems empower the debtor - or his heirs - Adhering to the extinguishment of the obligation, if it is proven that a certain period has passed without the creditor demanding it, even though its fulfillment has not actually been achieved. I have reached a number of results, the most important of which are Islamic law recognizes the state’s intervention in organizing life in all its aspects, including the financial aspects related to transactions, through its regulation of the relationship between debtors, considering that this is a necessary matter that would achieve the benefit of the group. The Egyptian Civil Code followed the example of Latin laws such as the French Civil Code. Which adopted the dropped statute of limitations system that was in effect in Roman law, in contrast to Islamic law, which knew another system, which is not hearing the lawsuit due to the passage of time, which is the doctrine of the new Saudi civil transactions system. The basis of the dropped statute of limitations, as it appears, is not based on the presumption of fulfillment more than It is based on the necessity of respecting the stable conditions of the past A period of time is sufficient to be reassured about it, unlike Islamic law, which is keen to close the door to fraud and forgery and try to put an end to corrupt ambitions. Muslim jurists agreed that rights do not lapse by the statute of limitations no matter how long it takes, and if the judge rules for a right claimant on the testimony of two witnesses, then if they are truthful, his ruling is correct in the matter. The apparent and the hidden, even if they are false, then his ruling is effective on the surface and invalid on the inside, and it is not permissible for the person to whom the ruling was made, between him and God Almighty, to declare what was ruled permissible, if the right holder remained silent about his right for a long period of time despite his ability to demand it, and the absence of impediment Then, after this long period of time, he claims it for himself, claims that it is his, and wants to establish evidence for that, so his claim is not heard at all, in addition to his evidence, and the house remains in the hands of its owner. The general rule is that all claims are dropped by a long statute of limitations, except in the case of a special text or the exceptions mentioned. Based on the text of the aforementioned article, if there are rights that expire for a special period, they must be interpreted narrowly. However, in Islamic jurisprudence, the matter is different, as the period may reach thirty-three years in some cases, such as inheritance claims. In all cases, the expiration of the obligation by prescription results in the emergence of a natural obligation on behalf of the debtor, the place of which is the same as the place of the lapsed obligation. If the debtor fulfills this place, then he is not a donor, but rather a fulfiller of an obligation on him, and it is not permissible for him to recover what he paid as long as he knew. The time of fulfillment is that he is not obligated to do so.
الكلمات المفتاحية
تقادم – مسقط- وقف التقادم – قطع التقادم – أساس التقادم ; Prescription - prescription - stopping the statute of limitations - interruption of the statute of limitations - basis of the statute of limitations
مقالات مماثلة
سالم محمَّد يزيد
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عابي عبد السلام
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ص 466-477.
الدكتور فايز محمود سليم شاهين
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ص 1-35.
غمام عمارة الأمين
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زعطوط حسين
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ص 113-132.
