المجلة الدولية للاداء الاقتصادي

International Journal of Economic Performance (IJEP)

Description

International journal of economic performance IJEP is an international, specialised scientific journal,peer reviewed, published on semester- terms, with the following major features and characteristics: The journal has neither a profit- making nor a political purpose, The research laboratory on economic performances of companies at Boumerdes university –Algeria, is the official institutional body managing the IJEP journal. Since its first edition in 2018, without any interruption, IJEP has always been open to any scientific research contribution. Any received scientific paper will be published after being evaluated and appraised by peers. Major objectives of IJEP journal is aiming to be a scientific space for many scientific contributions, such as exposed reports, articles and new books in Management, economics and commerce. In order to increase knowledge development, our journal IJEP offers large opportunities for participants and researchers to communicate and exchange critics, points of views and findings on economic performances. It gives them further chances to develop and diffuse their Knowledge via the publication of applied and theoretical research on local and international economic performances, as long as evaluated of being original, modern and scientifically elaborated. The journal targets all researchers in any research body: laboratories, universities, government bodies who are either publishing on electronic or paper version and in any of these three languages: English, Arabic or French.

Annonce

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Le compte ORCID auteur est obligatoire pour la soumission des articles
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فيديو يشرح معنى حساب 

ORCID

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Submission of articles  in Arabic and French  is closed

Submission of papers in English is open

The International Journal of Economic Performance continues to receive and encourage research in the English language  throughout the year .

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La soumission des articles en arabe et en français est actuellement fermée 

La soumission des articles en anglais est ouverte

La Revue Internationale de performance économique continue de recevoir et d'encourager les recherches en langue anglaise tout au long de l'année .

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20-10-2023


6

Volumes

12

Numéros

226

Articles


The development of the Jordanian Customs Department during the Emirate of Transjordan (1921-1946) (Ar)

Kareem Alhabarneh Nadia, 
2022-04-20

Résumé: Due to the importance of Customs work in any country, especially in Jordan. This study aims to identify the historical development of Jordanian Customs since the year of the Association of East of Jordan Emirate (1921) until the coming of independence year (1946). The study is also important because it’s historical methodology, which is helpful in knowing the history of person or country. Therefore, this study focuses on using literature resources, which is giving to newly generation good and reliable information, such as “the papers of the Founding King Abdullah Bin Al-Hussain”. Also, it relied on (Obeidat, 2017) the only study that focused on the same objective of this study, and supplied it of the important historical information about Jordanian Customs Management since the association of East of Jordan Emirate (1921). The results of this study revealed that the management of Jordanian Customs was named “The Management of Customs and General Statistics” and that was in 1922, then it changed to another names, until it named for last time as “the management of Customs” and that was in 1983. This study recommends to the focused research about the history of Jordanian Customs Management, and it’s important to be in historical methodology, which cover the period of (1921-2021), that means the period of Centennial of Jordan.

Mots clés: Jordan ; Customs of Jordan ; Papers of the Founding King


Role of Human Resource Management Function in Building Learned Organization “An empirical study on sample of public industrial organization workers within Benghazi city”(Ar)

المصراتي سالمة مفتاح,  ضو صلاح عبدالسلام, 
2022-06-03

Résumé: This study aimed to know the impact of some functions of human resource management (human resource planning, recruitment and selection of human resources, training of human resources) on building an educated organization among workers in public industrial organizations operating in the city of Benghazi Where the study community consisted of all workers in public industrial organizations operating in Benghazi. Benghazi, whose number is (5959) workers, through a random sample consisting of (361) workers, using a questionnaire form to collect data related to the subject of the study. The data were analyzed and hypotheses tested using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), where many statistical analyzes were carried out represented in the frequency tables, arithmetic averages, in addition to the standard deviations, where the effect was tested using multiple regression analysis on the extent to which there is a significant effect of the practice of some functions of the management Human resources (human resource planning, human resource recruitment and selection, human resource training) to build the learning organization in the industrial organizations under study. At the end of this study, the most prominent results were that the level of application and practice of some human resources management functions among workers in the industrial organizations under study is high, as the general average reached (3.51), which is higher than the average scale. This is an indication of the importance of the role played by the human resource in achieving excellence and success for these organizations. In conclusion, the study recommended that organizations should pay more attention to the functions of human resource management, especially the function of human resource recruitment and selection. By appointing the best human competencies, and introducing some training programs to develop the skills and capabilities of workers to work as a group and build work teams.

Mots clés: functions of human resource management, public industrial organizations, Benghazi


Europe and Russian gas : A study of challenges and risks

سايل سعيد, 
2023-08-12

Résumé: This research aims to shed light on the status of Russian energy in the European economy and its national security, and if the European party can develop other alternatives to Russian gas, especially the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines, in order to achieve this goal we adopted a scientific methodology that focuses on the use of the descriptive approach, at the end we reached a set of results, the most important of them is that Russian gas is a vital issue for the European economy and political stability there, and its total compensation will be almost impossible in the short and medium term.

Mots clés: Russia ; gaz ; Europe ; energy ; pipelines


Islamic stocks, conventional stock market, or cryptocurrencies? Looking for a Safe Haven during Covid-19

بن بختي سيف الدين,  بوليلة هاجر,  بن بوزيان محمد, 
2023-09-12

Résumé: This paper investigates the safe haven potential of Islamic stocks within the context of the London stock market, alongside other prominent hedging assets, namely gold, Brent crude, and Bitcoin, using the M-DCC GARCH model. The study finds that Islamic finance no longer demonstrates robust safe haven characteristics but instead serves as a diversifier during periods of market stability. In contrast, gold exhibits notable hedging properties both prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and during market turmoil, outperforming all assets except Bitcoin

Mots clés: Islamic stocks ; Safe haven ; M-DCC GARCH model ; Covid-19


The contribution of desert agriculture to sustainable agricultural development in the state of Oued Souf

عجلان صباح,  خياري رقية,  مخنان طارق, 
2023-08-31

Résumé: Algeria is seeking to achieve sustainable agricultural development due to its increasing effects in providing the growing food needs of the population and providing job opportunities for current and future generations. .The agricultural sector is the main source of food and also contributes to providing inputs for many industries that depend mainly on agricultural products. It is alsoa source of hard currency through its ability to achieve a surplus for export, in addition to creating new job opportunities through various projects. The aim of this study is to introduce the state of Oued Souf is rich in natural, human and water resources. It is especially known for producing some agricultural crops such as potatoes, wheat, barley, peanuts and more. It also aims at identifying the most important challenges it faces so that we can suggesta number of recommendations that contribute to addressing these challenges.

Mots clés: Desert agriculture ; sustainable agricultural development ; constituents ; obstacles


The societal commitment of large Algerian companies, the SONATRACH case

طويل رشيد-سفيان, 
2023-08-30

Résumé: Our study aims to know the CSR practices of the first company in Africa, SONATRACH, we opted for a semi-directive interview with three senior executives who answered economic questions, questions relating to the company's internal and external society, and questions relating to environmental issues. The results show that SONATRACH's responsible practices are a corporate citizen par excellence, the company opts for a responsible policy that applies international standards of behavior, ethics, and the environment, which makes this company a model for any other large company

Mots clés: Social responsibility ; Environment ; Social ; Iso26000


Towards a new prudential framework solvency II, evaluation of the solvency system of insurance companies in Algeria for the period (2012-2021)

دحماني ياسين محمد,  عرقوب وعلي, 
2023-08-12

Résumé: This work aims to present the solvency system currently in the insurance sector in Algeria, more precisely the Solvency I Directive. To identify the shortcomings and limitations of the prudential regulation and finally, to offer recommendations necessary to ensure the development of the activity of insurance in Algeria, and consequently the economy in general. Thus, to present the transition from the Solvency I prudential standard to the Solvency II prudential standard, which was implemented on the insurance market in Europe on January 01, 2016. Finally, the Algerian regulation cannot stay away from international reforms, including the Solvency II standard; it must adapt his system to comply with these standards.

Mots clés: Insurance ; solvency ; solvency II ; prudential standards


Assessing the Algerian economy degree concerning indicators of common features of developing economies – Analytical study for the period 2000-2021

دعمي محمد, 
2023-09-20

الملخص: This research aims to assess the degree of Algerian economy regarding the indicators of the common features of developing economies, and this is during the period 2000-2021. The focus was on the main and pivotal economic indicators that characterize most developing economies. To address the topic, the descriptive approach was used, and the official statistical data were relied upon by government agencies and some international websites, where we concluded that the Algerian economy remains characterized by the common features of developing economies, and thus remains within the circle of developing economies, with very weak indications of exit from this circle. يهدف هذا البحث الى تقييم درجة الاقتصاد الجزائري بخصوص مؤشرات السمات المشتركة للاقتصادات النامية، وهذا خلال الفترة 2000-2021، حيث تم التركيز على المؤشرات الاقتصادية الرئيسية والمحورية التي تتصف بها معظم الاقتصادات النامية، ولمعالجة الموضوع تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي، كما تم الاعتماد على المعطيات الإحصائية الرسمية والمستقات من الهيئات الحكومية وبعض المواقع العالمية، حيث توصلنا الى أن الاقتصاد الجزائري يبقى يتميز بالسمات المشتركة للاقتصادات النامية، وبالتالي يبقى ضمن دائرة الاقتصادات النامية، مع وجود دلالات ضعيفة جداً للخروج من هذه الدائرة.

الكلمات المفتاحية: Developing Economies ; Developed Economies ; Productive Sectors ; Indicators of Common Features of Developing Economies ; Economic Development


OPEP and Political Decisions

Saigh Malika, 
2023-09-27

Résumé: OPEC continued its efforts to strengthen and stabilize the global oil market in the 2000. Increasing market volatility and the collapse of the global financial sector have unfortunately led to an economic recession. The Organization then began to support the oil sector to address the crisis. The purpose of this article is to provide an explanation from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. To begin with, we will give some general information on this organization and with the help of statistical data we will give an analysis of the evolution of the price of oil correlatively with the events which marked the oil industry which will enable us to see that the principle of supply and demand is respected in the form, because oil prices fluctuate with supply and demand levels.

Mots clés: OPEP ; Decisions ; price of oil ; oil market


The Role of Monetary Policy in Promoting Economic Growth in Algeria An Analytical Study for the Period (1990-2020)

Titouche Souhila, 
2023-08-20

Résumé: Monetary policy in Algeria aims to control money supply to stimulate economic growth. This study examines the role of monetary policy tools in achieving economic growth from 1990 to 2020, focusing on the impact of Law 90-10. The findings suggest that monetary policy has had limited success in boosting growth due to the economy's heavy dependence on oil revenue for financing development projects. Despite efforts in implementing reforms and developmental schemes, desired growth rates have not been achieved.

Mots clés: Monetary policy ; economic growth ; money supply ; code of money and credit


The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem as a Success Factor for Startups - The Turkish Experience as a model-

كرغلي أسماء, 
2023-08-25

Résumé: This study aims to shed light on the entrepreneurial ecosystem and its contribution to startups success, as well as presenting the Turkish experience in this field. To achieve these objectives, a combination of three methods has been used: the descriptive and analytical method, the case study method, and the comparative method. The study reached a set of results, the most important, is that the entrepreneurial ecosystem is the platform that supports the creation and the growth of startups, through its contribution in creating opportunities and providing an appropriate environment that helps entrepreneurs launching their startups; and that the Turkish entrepreneurial ecosystem reached a new level, due to the efforts of both public and private sectors, in providing a suitable environment for the activity of startups.

Mots clés: Entrepreneurship ; Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ; Startups ; Turkey


Digital Education And Human Development

Abdulzahra Mastor Al-hajiam Sohaila,  Shabeeb Al-shammari Mayih, 
2023-08-30

Résumé: As a result of the scientific and technological revolution, the digital economy has recently emerged as a new branch of economic sciences. In line with meeting people's and society's needs, the digital economy's development is dependent on digital education, which is the foundation for achieving true human development, beginning with the process of education and education, as they are critical factors for increasing the efficiency of human capital to achieve growth and development in various countries around the world.

Mots clés: digital economy ; knowledge economy ; digital education ; human development


Organizational Trust and Citizenship Behaviors at Djelfa University's Faculty of Economics

هصك قويدر عبد الوهاب,  بن موسى محمد, 
2023-09-18

Résumé: This research aims to assess faculty members' attitudes at Djelfa University's Faculty of Economic Sciences in Algeria toward organizational trust's influence on improving organizational citizenship behaviors. Moreover, the research used a descriptive approach and case study methodology to achieve this goal. Furthermore, the research included a sample of 98 permanent professors. The results indicated that faculty members had a medium level of perception regarding organizational trust and citizenship behaviors. The research also demonstrated that trust in an organization's management significantly and positively promotes organizational citizenship behaviors within the studied college. In contrast, neither trust in co-workers nor direct supervisors affect organizational citizenship behaviors among faculty members.

Mots clés: Organizational Trust ; Trust in co-workers ; trust in the boss ; Trust in the management of the Organization ; Organizational Citizenship Behaviors ; OCB ; Organizational Behavior ; Faculty of Economic Sciences ; University of Djelfa ; University Professor


Export diversification achievement in a reality of the Algerian economy dependency on hydrocarbon sector

عمار خيرالدين,  بن طلحة صليحة, 
2023-10-03

Résumé: The Algerian economy still suffers from dependence on the hydrocarbon sector, despite the government`s successive reforms schemes since its independence in 1962. This paper deals with the scourges that the Algerian economy suffers from, such as Holland syndrome and Natural resources` price volatility, which hamper the Algerian economic diversification. It is noticeable that the state`s efforts to promote the private sector, which is characterized by the entrepreneurial and innovative returning, and in collaboration with the public dominant sector. The focus was also on legal reforms in 2019, which were represented in amending laws and regulations related to motivating investors and attracting foreign investments. What causes optimism, is that, these recent legal reforms require time to ensure their effectiveness in achieving economic development and export diversification.

Mots clés: Export diversification ; Oil exporting economy ; Economic diversification ; Oil dependence


Artificial Intelligence and Competitive Advantage in Algerian Companies: The Need to Understand the Relationship

لعشاش عبد الحليم, 
2023-09-20

Résumé: This paper aims to study the extent to which Algerian companies understand artificial intelligence in order to achieve a competitive advantage. As artificial intelligence is the direction of Algerian politics. Competitive requirements are understand customer mentality, speed of service delivery and quality. Through this, we test our hypotheses based on a questionnaire answered by companies. We found that there is an accepted understanding by companies of artificial intelligence as a new revolution in achieving competitive advantage.

Mots clés: Artificial Intelligence ; Competitive Advantage ; Customer Mentality ; Speed Service ; Quality


The Algerian university and the needs of the labor market

مزيلي عماد,  بلخادم ابتسام, 
2023-11-18

Résumé: This paper examines the alignment between the university education at ISTA Oran and labor market needs in Algeria. The high unemployment rate among Algerian university graduates points to a general problematic of mismatch between education and jobs. The main hypothesis is that there is a gap between the educational services and actual labor market requirements. The methodology used is a survey of 47 ISTA teachers. Overall, the study highlights the need for better training-employment alignment to positively impact graduates' employability.

Mots clés: Skills ; labor market ; innovative pedagogy ; university training


Study of Entrepreneurial Intention and Its Influencing Factors among Researchers - A Case Study of the University of Boumerdes

مزيان امينة, 
2023-11-06

Résumé: The aim of this study is to identify the presence of entrepreneurial intention among Algerian researchers for creating academic spin-offs. We relied on a questionnaire administered to 88 researchers from the University of Boumerdes. The findings led to the conclusion that researchers show limited interest in starting a business. Furthermore, desirability and feasibility are the primary factors influencing this inclination. To facilitate the establishment of such enterprises, a comprehensive framework enveloping legislative, cultural, and financing elements is essential to improve the capacity of universities in forming spin-off companies.

Mots clés: entrepreneurial intention ; researchers ; universities ; business creation (Spin-Off) ; scientific research ; commercialization (valorization)


Blue Finance and Blue Sustainable Economy, what role and aspirations?

ثابتي ميمونة,  بولعرج سهيلة,  هواري الحاج حبيب, 
2023-11-01

Résumé: The solution to the problem of having a sustainable ocean and blue economy is definitely a financial system that can direct investments to ocean-related projects, which is blue finance, which has the potential to bridge the financing gap and support a sustainable blue economy. We aim to highlight the role that blue finance plays in financing low-carbon solutions to preserve marine ecosystems on Earth, supporting compliance with the Paris Agreement and promoting the sustainable blue economy and economic development.

Mots clés: Blue Finance ; Blue Economy ; Sustainable Blue Economy ; Blue Bonds


The Effect of National Export Promotion Programs on Export Performance with the Mediating Role of Marketing Planning Capability: An Empirical Study on Exporting Companies in Algeria

بن جيار محمد,  قاشي خالد,  شيبوي سليم, 
2023-10-03

Résumé: The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of national export-promotion programs (NEPPs) on the export performance (EXP). This study used the resource-based view (RBV) and the Institutional-based view (IBV) theory to provide a holistic understanding of the issue. we developed model include the NEPPs as an independent variable, EXP as dependent variable, and the Marketing planning capabilities (MPC) as an intermediary variable. the study tests the direct and the indirect effect for the model variables Using a partial least-squares equation model (PLS SEM) method to analyze 47 samples collected from 2022 randomly by accessing Algerian's export managers in the Algerian's food industry companies. The results confirm and show the significant direct and indirect effects of Financial aid–related national export promotion program on the export performance, and the indirect effect of Information-related national export promotion program on the export performance through the Marketing planning capabilities.

Mots clés: National export promotion program (NEPPs) ; Export performance (EXP) ; Marketing planning capability (MPC) ; Resource based view (RBV) ; Institutional-based view (IBV).


COVID 19 IMPLICATIONS ON CREDIT LOSS PROVISIONING RULES UNDER IFRS 9: PRO-CYCLICALITY CONCERNS

جليل بلال,  سايج فايز, 
2023-11-06

Résumé: This study aims to analyze the procyclicality behaviour of ECL model introduced by IFRS 9 in light of economic downturn induced by Covid 19 pandemic. A regression analysis was preformed on dataset obtained from euro era to examine the hypothesis suggesting that ECL model does not behave procyclically . Our results suggest that ECL model behaves procyclically despite the intention of the IASB who believed that ECL model would have a countercyclical impact.

Mots clés: Procyclicality ; IFRS9 ; Covid 19 pandemic ; IASB


Approach on the participation of female entrepreneur in the innovation market in Algeria

مكي سارة, 
2023-10-21

Résumé: From the beginning of the industrial revolution, several economists such as J.B.Say, Schumpeter or Kenneth Arrow linked entrepreneurship and innovation. The entrepreneur is not only a source of wealth but a source of economic growth. The Algerian Government, aware of the importance of entrepreneurship, has established a new system and new national economic policy focused on innovation, now the priority subsidies were for the creation of businesses that demonstrate a form of innovation. This article aims to study the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and the role of female entrepreneurs in this new impetus for the national economy by studying a random of 100 companies working in the field of High Tech , start-up and innovation.

Mots clés: Innovation ; Female entrepreneurship ; Economic growth ; National economic policy


Mobile payment Application Quality and customer Loyalty: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach –BARIDI MOB case study-

قيدوم سهام,  سعادي الخنساء, 
2023-10-19

Résumé: This study examines the relationship between mobile payment app quality and customer loyalty, using the BARIDI MOB case. It also investigates the role of customer satisfaction as a mediator. The research model includes app design, privacy, security, reliability, and ease of use, as well as customer satisfaction and loyalty. Data analysis was based on 435 responses. The structural equation modelling technique was used to estimate the hypothesized relationships. The results show that reliability and ease of use have a positive impact on customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction also has a positive effect on loyalty. Furthermore, customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between service quality and loyalty, with reliability and ease of use being fully mediated and app design being indirectly mediated. Security and privacy do not have a mediated relationship. These findings can be useful for BARIDI MOB providers in managing services and improving quality and satisfaction

Mots clés: mobile payment application ; quality ; customer loyalty ; customer satisfaction ; structural equation modelling


Driving social responsibility through digital transformation: a closer look at the Ministry of pharmaceutical industry

بوربيعة باديس,  العربي بن حجار ميلود, 
2023-10-24

Résumé: Abstract: This study examines how digitization has influenced the supervisory role of the Ministry of Pharmaceutical Industry in promoting social responsibility among economic operators. We employed a descriptive approach and conducted interviews as the primary method of data collection. The study reviews the advantages and the challenges associated with digitization. The ministry's digitization initiatives have led to a modernization of its administrative procedures, resulting in a radical transformation of licensing, registration, quality control, inspections, and monitoring of pharmaceutical products. Additionally, digitization has brought changes in regulatory and oversight aspects, enabling the enhancement of adherence to social responsibility standards. However, challenges related to privacy, data security, interoperability with pharmaceutical companies, and the transition to digital processes have emerged. This study enhances the understanding of digitization in the Ministry of the Pharmaceutical Industry.

Mots clés: Digitization ; Ministry of Pharmaceutical industry ; Supervisory role ; Social responsibility


Prediction of Financial Failure Using the Altman and Sherrod Model Study of Saidal Institution of Medea Province between 2017 - 2020

جودي نريمان,  بلحمري خيرة, 
2023-11-01

الملخص: This study aims to highlight the importance and effectiveness of using the Altman and Sherrod models in predicting the financial failure of Saidal institution during the period 2017-2020 to give early warning in disclosing the likelihood of bankruptcy. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the two models were applied based on the institution's financial statements and the most important financial indicators. Thus, the study found that the two models are effective in predicting the future financial failure of Saidal institution during the period studied, 100% is needed. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز أهمية وفعالية استخدام نموذجي ألتمان وشيرود في التنبؤ بالفشل المالي لمؤسسة صيدال خلال الفترة 2017-2020 لإعطاء إنذار مبكر في الكشف عن احتمالية الإفلاس. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم تطبيق النموذجين على أساس القوائم المالية للمؤسسة وأهم المؤشرات المالية. وبذلك توصلت الدراسة إلى أن النموذجين فعالان في التنبؤ بالفشل المالي المستقبلي لمؤسسة صيدال خلال الفترة المدروسة، وبنسبة 100%.

الكلمات المفتاحية: Altman Model ; Sherrod Model ; Financial Failure Prediction ; Saidal Institution


The Digital Technologies That Contribute to The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Gains of Using Supply Chains in an Economic Institution

بن علية فتيحة, 
2023-11-01

Résumé: This study aims to show the impotance of the for the industrial revolution and the fondamental technologies used during the developments of the global economy and the importance of the supply chains to improve the performance economic system which can’ t be achieved without cooprration and good coordination between these praties , which form an in terconnected chain or which is called supply chain . the latter represents a network of institutions linked by common interests facilitate flowing information on and funds that are closely linked to each other. With the new trend in manufacturing, technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, Internet of Things, automation and sensors are changing the way companies manufacture, maintain and distribute new products and services, demonstrating the importance of the integrated relationship between these technologies and supply chains.

Mots clés: the fourth industrial revolution,digital technologies,supply chains.


The Status of Algerian Exports, Excluding Hydrocarbons (2020-2022)

Dahmouni Khelidja, 
2023-11-01

Résumé: This study has analyzed Algerian non-hydrocarbon exports, revealing a promising trend in the past three years. It has explored Algeria's major trade partners and governmental efforts to boost exports, in addition to highlighting significant obstacles. Several potential solutions were proposed. However, despite government efforts, non-hydrocarbon exports have been adversely affected due to bureaucratic challenges, warranting further attention in enhancing their growth for the country's economic development.

Mots clés: exports ; non-hydrocarbons exports ; foreign trade ; trade barriers


Predicting entrepreneurial intentions through entrepreneurial education and the Mediating role of self-efficacy, using partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM)

لهواري سعيد, 
2023-11-16

Résumé: This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurship education on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Data collected via a structured questionnaire from students at University assess the relationship between entrepreneurship educations, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. We used the Methodology Structural Modeling Partial Least Squares Equations (SEM-PLS) using SmartPLS (version 4). Findings confirm the direct and indirect positive relationship between entrepreneurship education (EE) and entrepreneurial intention.

Mots clés: Entrepreneurship education ; Entrepreneurial intention ; Self-efcacy ; University students ; entrepreneurial pedagogy